Evaluation of Saxifraga stolonifera phenolic extracts as a potential antivenom against Deinagkistrodon acutus venom: In vitro and in vivo studies

Ethnopharmacological relevance In the snake-infested mountainous regions of China, Saxifraga stolonifera [L.] Meeb is widely utilized as an immediate remedy for venomous snake bites. However, the scientific understanding of S. stolonifera 's efficacy in snakebite treatment remains limited and requires further investigation. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of Saxifraga stolonifera phenolic extracts (SSPE) on Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV) and explore the potential of S. stolonifera as a valuable candidate for antivenom development. Materials and methods We employed our previously optimized extraction conditions to obtain SSPE. In vitro experiments utilizing diverse models were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the extracted phenolic compounds on DAV, specifically targeting phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), proteolytic, fibrinolytic , and hyaluronidase enzymes. Furthermore, in vivo investigations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory potential of the extracted compounds against DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic activity. To elucidate the chemical composition of the phenolic extracts, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis was performed. Results Our in vitro inhibition study showed that S. stolonifera was able to inhibit the activities of PLA 2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme , hyaluronidase and fibrinogenolytic. The median effective dose (ED 50 ) values of SSPE for inhibiting PLA 2 enzyme, proteolytic enzyme and hyaluronidase activities were 0.115 mg/mL, 0.026 mg/mL and 0.238 mg/mL, respectively. The DAV-induced hemorrhagic and edematogenic effects of the SSPE were also successfully inhibited in vivo , and the high SSPE concentration was able to completely inhibit the hemorrhage and edema. It is noteworthy that the mice suffered no harm from the high SSPE concentration. The composition analysis showed that the phenolic substances contained in SSPE are gallic acid , protocatechuic acid , chlorogenic acid , rutin , kaempferol-3-O-ɑ-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin and kaempferol . Conclusions This study provides scientific validation of the inhibitory efficacy of S. stolonifera as an emergency treatment for venomous snake bites , offering a theoretical foundation for future drug development strategies targeting snakebite.