Critical role of Photo-electrode with Ce-g-C3N4 in multi-stage microbial fuel cells cascade reactor treating diluted hyper-saline industrial wastewater rich in amines

Treatment of chemical industrial wastewater often faces problems of large volume occupation, high cost, and long processing time. In this study, low-content Ce-modified g-C 3 N 4 was prepared and used as a catalyst on stainless steel mesh photo-cathode in constructing a multi-stage cascade microbial fuel cell system to reduce treatment costs in an energy-saving way. The large specific surface area (332.5 m 2  g −1 ) and mesoporous structure of the material, is favorable for catalytic reactions, in which Ce elements were mainly present in single atoms . The characterized catalyst indicated a pronounced effect of Ce species in increasing photo-current and the synergistic pollutant removal , microbial bio-degradation and cascade operation stability. In Batch-mode (light illumination, aeration, total HRT (hydraulic residence time) of 54 h) treatment through three cascade reactors, removed 88% COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). With 0.5 mM PMS (peroxymonosulfate), 94% COD and 86% NH 4 + -N of the system were removed. The cascade net average COD removal capacity reached 16.04 kg per kg catalyst per day. The addition of PMS also enhanced the electricity generation. In continuous-mode, in totally 18 h treatment through the three-stages cascade reactors without PMS, overall, 83% COD and 78% TOC (Total Organic Carbon) were removed, reaching a net calculated system average COD removal capacity of 19.29 kg per kg catalyst per day. With Ce-g-C 3 N 4 catalyst, the batch or continuous multi-stage cascade system demonstrated great technical flexibility and economic potential in treating high-strength, high-salinity amine-rich industrial wastewater.