Homeobox A9 is a novel mediator of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and proliferation by regulating methyl-CpG binding protein 2

Aberrant proliferation and phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are considered to be the main pathological processes of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) affects cell differentiation via modulating VSMC-specific gene expression and acts as a driver for the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of homeobox A9 (HOXA9) on aberrant VSMCs upon injury or AS, and whether HOXA9-mediated VSMC injury was associated with MECP2. Adeno-associated virus serotype 8-mediated knockdown of HOXA9 rescued aortic pathological injury of apolipoprotein E -deficient (ApoE −/− ) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), characterized by the reduction of lipid accumulation and foam cell formation. Further in vitro evidence suggested that proliferation and migration of primary mouse VSMCs (mVSMCs) stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were inhibited after HOXA9 silencing. In addition, HOXA9 silencing blocked VSMC phenotypic switching from contractile to a pathological synthetic state. HOXA9 overexpression caused opposite alterations in ox-LDL-stimulated mVSMCs. Mechanistically, MECP2 was transcriptionally activated by HOXA9. Forced expression of MECP2 impaired the anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and phenotypic switching abilities of HOXA9 silencing in VSMCs upon ox-LDL stimulation. Collectively, our findings reveal that the role of HOXA9 in pathological vascular remodeling may attribute to transcriptional regulation of MECP2.