24.96%-Efficiency FACsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by an Asymmetric 1,3-Thiazole-2,4-Diammonium

Surmounting complicated defects at the electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite interface plays a non-trivial role in improving efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, an asymmetric interface modification strategy (AIMS) is developed to passivate the defects from both a SnO 2 ETL and the perovskite buried surface via incorporating 1,3-thiazole-2,4-diammonium (TDA) into the SnO 2 /perovskite interface. Detailed experimental and calculated results demonstrate that N3 (the nitrogen atom bonding to the imine) in the TDA preferentially cures the free hydroxyl (  OH), oxygen vacancy ( V O ), and the Sn-related defects on the SnO 2 surface, while N1 (the nitrogen atom bonding to the vinyl) is more inclined to passivate the Pb 2+ and I − related defects at the perovskite buried surface. As a result, the TDA-modified FACsPbI 3 PSC yields a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.96% with a gratifying open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 1.20 V. In addition, the optimized PSCs exhibit charming air-operational stability with the unencapsulated device sustaining 97.04% of its initial PCE after storage in air conditions for 1400 h. The encapsulated device maintains 90.21% of its initial PCE after maximum power point tracking for 500 h.