A novel triple responsive smart fluid for tight oil fracturing-oil expulsion integration

The traditional multi-process to enhance tight oil recovery based on fracturing and huff-n-puff has obvious deficiencies, such as low recovery efficiency, rapid production decline, high cost, and complexity, etc. Therefore, a new technology, the so-called fracturing-oil expulsion integration, which does not need flowback after fracturing while making full use of the fracturing energy and gel breaking fluids, are needed to enable efficient exploitation of tight oil. A novel triple-responsive smart fluid based on “pseudo-Gemini” zwitterionic viscoelastic surfactant (VES) consisting of N -erucylamidopropyl- N , N -dimethyl-3-ammonio-2-hydroxy-1-propane-sulfonate (EHSB), N , N , N′ , N′ -tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TMEDA) and sodium p -toluenesulfonate (NaPts), is developed. Then, the rheology of smart fluid is systematically studied at varying conditions (CO 2 , temperature and pressure). Moreover, the mechanism of triple-response is discussed in detail. Finally, a series of fracturing and spontaneous imbibition performances are systematically investigated. The smart fluid shows excellent CO 2 -, thermal-, and pressure-triple responsive behavior. It can meet the technical requirement of tight oil fracturing construction at 140 °C in the presence of 3.5 MPa CO 2 . The gel breaking fluid shows excellent spontaneous imbibition oil expulsion (∼40%), salt resistance (1.2 × 10 4  mg/L Na + ), temperature resistance (140 °C) and aging stability (30 days).