Injectable and ultra-compressible shape-memory mushroom: Highly aligned microtubules for ultra-fast blood absorption and hemostasis

Noncompressible bleeding is associated with a significant source of traumatic fatality. Due to its inaccessibility to the pressure dressing, patients admitted with internal bleeding mainly rely on blood transfusion, coming with a high cost and immunological side effects. Injectable materials have emerged as a strategy; however, they have limitations on either large mechanical compressibilty or blood clotting speed and blood absorbing capacity. Here, we report that the mushroom's ( Agaricus bisporus ) stalk has aligned microtubular passages, which shows exceptionally fast capillary effects to draw liquid. After decellularization, the foam has primary component of chitin and maintains the highly parallel microtubules, which endorse exceptionally compressible (90% strain) and injectable to the deep wound, swiftly absorb the blood, elicit clotting by activating blood cells and platelets to promote blood clot formation. The foams' negatively charged surface and fast absorption channels can activate the intrinsic coagulation pathway and non-clotting factor dependent pathway to promote immediate fibrin growth. The hydrophilicity improves the adhesion of the platelets and blood cells, forming firm clotting. The channelled and high compressible foams show great hemostatic performances in vitro blood and in vivo livers and hearts.