Stretchable, conductive, breathable and moisture-sensitive e-skin based on CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat for wound monitoring

Deep skin wound needs a long wound healing process, in which external force on skin around wound can result in a sharp pain, wound re-damage and interstitial fluid flowing out, increasing the risk of deterioration and even amputation. While the conventional wound dressings cannot provide timely feedback of abnormal wound status and lose best time for wound treatment, real-time monitoring wound status is thus urgently needed for wound management. In this work, a breathable and stretchable electronic skin ( i.e. , e-skin) named CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat has been developed through electrospinning, ice-templating and in-situ loading method for evaluating wound status. The obtained porosity, swelling ratio and vapor transmission rate of the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat are 55 %, 180 % and 3378.2 h −1  day −1 , respectively. And owing to the good porous, nanofibrous architecture and excellent breathability of the mat, L929 cells grow and well spread on the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat. In addition, the gauge factors of the prepared conductive CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat as a strain sensor are 15.4 and 72.9 in the strain ranges of 0–70 % and 70–85 %, respectively, matching the mechanical performance of human skin. The sensitivity coefficient of the mat for moisture sensing is 12.05, indicating its high efficiency for monitoring and warning interstitial fluid outflow from wound. Furthermore, the integration of CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat with a portable device is feasible to monitor strain and moisture on a rat model with abdominal wound. The healing process of the wounds treated with CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat is similar to that of GelMA mat, indicating that the dosage of CNTs and graphene in the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat has negligible effect on the mat histocompatibility. The CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat demonstrates the application potential in wound management, home medical diagnosis and human-machine interactions.