Stretchable and bendable textile matrix based on cellulose fibers for wearable self-powered glucose biosensors

A wearable self-powered biosensor, fabricated from a stretchable and bendable textile matrix, senses glucose in urine. This textile matrix is made of cellulose fibers. A porous three-dimensional electrode with high flexibility, conductivity, and electroactive surface area is obtained by coating multi-wall carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxides onto a textile matrix based on cellulose fibers. After immobilizing glucose oxidase and laccase by the polymer embed method, the bioelectrodes show good enzymatic loading density and high electrocatalytic efficiency. The relative self-powered biosensor has a good linear response to glucose in the concentration range from 0 to 40 mM (R 2  = 0.995), with a satisfactory limit of detection at 3.95 mM, owing to the high electrocatalytic efficiency of the bioelectrodes. The biosensors have good selectivity, repeatability, and long-term storage stability, exhibit excellent stretching and bending performance, and show stability to a variety of pH, because of the catalytic specificity and tolerance of enzymes, the reasonable design of the biosensor, and the stable catalytic microenvironment. The recovery of the biosensor integrated with a diaper for glucose in artificial urine samples is between 95.6 and 105.9%, suggesting a promising determination for real samples. Graphical abstract