Quantitative manipulation of covalent bonds to obtain ultra-stable half/full Li-ion batteries via gel encapsulation-post annealing route

To ensure a satisfactory stability and conductivity, excess carbonaceous component has to be introduced in anode materials at most cases, which sacrifices the energy density of the half/full cell. Herein, a new strategy is proposed that metal-heteroatom bonds are quantitatively introduced to enhance the interaction between each component in electrode. This strategy is successfully applied in fabricating Mo-based (MoO 2 -X@N– C) electrode materials with active materials content as high as 65.00%. The realization of quantitative control mainly results from the usage of gelatin that can anchor each active component together for the abundant functional groups. As a result, long-life cycle capacity (400 mAh/g at 1 A/g for 2700 cycles) is achieved. Moreover, the full cell of the LiFePO 4 //MoO 2 -2@N–C exhibits 124 mAh/g after 100-cycle and maintains the high energy density of 166.7 Wh/kg. This work gives light on anode synthesis that can be large scale-produced with a time-saving strategy for ultra-stable energy storage devices.