Strong electronic interaction of indium oxide with palladium single atoms induced by quenching toward enhanced hydrogenation of nitrobenzene

The realization of efficient and fully controllable synthesis of single atom catalysts is an exciting frontier, yet still challenging in the modern catalysis field. Here we describe a straightforward high-temperature quenching approach to precisely construct isolated palladium atoms supported over cubic indium oxide, with individual palladium atoms coordinated with four neighboring oxygen atoms. This palladium catalyst achieves exceptional catalytic efficiency in the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline, with more than 99% chemoselectivity under almost 100% conversion. Moreover, it delivers excellent recyclability, anti-CO poisoning ability, storage stability, and substrate tolerance. DFT calculations further reveal that the high catalytic activity stems from the optimized electronic structure and the charge states of palladium atoms in the defect-containing indium oxide. Our findings provide an effective approach to engineering single atom catalysts at the atomic level and open the door to a wide variety of catalytic reactions .