Improved up-conversion behaviors and temperature sensitivity based on Stark sublevels of Er3+ in β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ and β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+@NaGdF4

Rare earth ions doped core-shell thermometers exhibit improved up-conversion emission behaviors, while the thermal sensitivity is not higher than the corresponding core-only structured luminescent thermometers via the thermal coupled levels based luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) technique. In this work, the core-only β-NaYF 4 : 16Yb 3+ , 4Er 3+ (C–4Er) up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the sub 25 nm core-shell β-NaYF 4 : 16Yb 3+ , 4Er 3+ @0.5NaGdF 4 (CS–4Er@0.5Gd) and β-NaYF 4 : 16Yb 3+ , 4Er 3+ @1NaGdF 4 (CS–4Er@1Gd) UCNPs have been successfully synthesized by seed-mediated growth methods for temperature detection. The spectral study indicated that the up-conversion luminescence intensity of CS-4Er@0.5Gd and CS-4Er@1Gd was obviously enhanced compared withC-4Er. Luminescence intensity ratio originated from thermally coupled Stark sublevels (Stark-LIR) of Er 3+ ( 2 H 11/2 (1)(2), 4 S 3/2 (1)(2)(3)) of CS-4Er@0.5Gd and CS-4Er@1Gd has been firstly applied to calculated the relative thermal sensitivity (S R ) of core-shell UCNPs. As a result, S R of CS-4Er@1Gd is the largest among the considered UCNPs, and is increased from 10.95 × 10 −3 /K (LIR) to 17.80 × 10 −3 /K (Stark-LIR), indicating that with Stark-LIR techniques, the nano core-shell sensors behave a larger S R than core-only structured thermometers. This work may lead to an appropriate approach to improve the temperature sensitivity of core-shell thermometers for temperature sensing.