Fabrication of bacterial cellulose with TiO2-ZnO nanocomposites as a multifunctional membrane for water remediation

Superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic (SUS) membrane technology has attracted extensive attention for water purification. However, the fabrication of multifunctional membranes to satisfy the complex wastewater treatment is still a big challenge. In this work, bacterial cellulose (BC) based multifunctional SUS membranes were designed for water purification. Membranes were prepared by blending BC nanofibers with TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs), and further modified by the in situ growth of ZnO-NPs. The composite membranes showed oil/water (o/w) separation under a small driving pressure (0.2–0.3 bar) with a flux rate of 8232.81 ± 212 L m − 2 h −1 and with a high separation efficiency (>99.9%). Membranes could also separate oil-in-water emulsion with a separation flux of 1498 ± 74 L m − 2 h −1 and with high efficiency (99.25%). Moreover, the composite membrane exhibited photocatalytic activity under visible light with a high efficiency (>92%). The composite membranes were also investigated for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. This work may inspire the fabrication of next-generation multifunctional membranes for wastewater treatment, particularly oily wastewater, dyes and microbial contaminated water.