Coevaporation of Doped Inorganic Carrier-Selective Layers for High-Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Inorganic carrier-selective layers (CSLs), whose conductivity can be effectively tuned by doping, offer low-cost and stable alternatives for their organic counterparts in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a dual-source electron-beam co-evaporation method for the controlled deposition of copper-doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO) and tungsten-doped niobium oxide (W:Nb 2 O 5 ) as hole and electron transport layers, respectively, is used. The mechanisms for the improved conductivity using dopants are investigated. Owing to the improved conductivity and optimized band alignment of the doped CSLs, the all-inorganic-CSLs-based PSCs achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.47%. Furthermore, a thin titanium buffer layer is inserted between W:Nb 2 O 5 and the silver electrode to prevent halide ingression and improve band alignment. This leads to a further improvement of PCE to 21.32% and long-term stability (1200 h) after encapsulation. Finally, the large-scale applicability of the doped CSLs by coevaporation is demonstrated for the device with 1 cm 2 area showing a PCE of over 19%. The results demonstrate the potential application of the coevaporated CSLs with controlled doping in PSCs for commercialization.