Synthesis, Herbicidal Activity and Toxicity Evaluation of Secondary Ammonium Salts from Turpentine Oil for Sustainable Weed Control

Three series of secondary ammonium chloride from turpentine were synthesized and evaluated as botanical herbicides. The preemergence herbicidal activities against ryegrass ( Loliun multiflorum ) and barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ) were investigated using water as the only solvent. Their toxicity was evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Preliminary results demonstrated that the herbicidal performance of the prepared salts was similar or much higher than that of corresponding secondary amines and even commercial herbicide glyphosate. Promisingly, compound 14e containing a cyclohexyl-substituted p- menthene skeleton with an IC 50 value of 0.0014 mM against root growth of ryegrass showed 39-fold higher herbicidal activity than glyphosate. Besides, this compound was found to be nontoxic to human and animal cells, indicating the potential application as a water-soluble herbicide for ryegrass control. Graphical