Synthesis and properties of maleic anhydride-modified agar with reversibly controlled gel strength

Agar is modified by chemical methods to improve its functional properties and meet the increasing demand of the market. Some of the functional properties of agar are improved after chemical modification, while other properties are reduced, especially gel strength. This study aimed to comprehensively improve the functional properties of agar through acylation and crosslinking by reacting with maleic anhydride. 13 C NMR indicated the maleylation reaction was preferred at the C2 hydroxyl group of D-galactose, and the crosslinking reactions occurred at the C2 and C6 hydroxyl groups of D-galactose in different agar chains. Interestingly, the maleylated agar monoester had higher gel transparency (1.5%, w/v) of up to 76% than the native agar (58%). However, it showed a significant decrease in gel strength from 783 g/cm 2 to 403 g/cm 2 , while crosslinking endowed agar with higher gel strength (845 g/cm 2 ) and gel transparency (78.4%). The high transparency of the modified agar plate made colony observation and colony counting easy. Maleylation of agar further enhanced the freeze–thaw stability of agar gel (24.8%, 7th freeze–thaw cycles). Overall, the maleylated agar possessed superior functional properties, and it could be used as food, bacteriological, and biotechnological agar.