Metagenomic analysis explores the interaction of aged microplastics and roxithromycin on gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance genes of Carassius auratus

The aging process changes the physicochemical structure of microplastics and affects environmental behaviors and toxicological effects of coexisting pollutants, thereby posing ecological risks. In this study, the effects of aged polystyrene microplastics alone or in combination with the 100 μg/L roxithromycin (ROX) on intestines of Carassius auratus were investigated. The carrier effect of microplastics was enhanced by aging due to changes in functional groups and surface area, which led to an increase in the bioaccumulation of ROX. The combined exposure of aged microplastics (APS) and ROX caused more inflammatory cell infiltration and cilia defects, and significantly inhibited the activity of amylase and lipase. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that the combined exposure of microplastics and ROX increased the abundance of Gemmobacter , Bosea , Rhizobium , and Shinella and decreased the abundance of Cetobacterium and Akkermansia ( p  < 0.05). The presence of APS enhanced the selective enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes. What's more, the influence of microplastics and antibiotics on gut microbiota was closely related to carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism activities, as well as the abundance of baca and sul1 resistance genes. These results expand our understanding of the interaction mechanism between APS and antibiotics in real aquatic environment.