A fluorinated chitosan-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in ginseng using GC–MS/MS

In this study, a new fluorinated methacrylamide (MACF) was synthesized and evaluated as an adsorbent in the dispersive solid-phase extraction for the effective determination and extraction of 20 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from ginseng samples using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method coupled with GC–MS/MS. The properties of MACF were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution 19 F NMR. MACF, chitosan, primary and secondary amine, octadecylsilane, graphitized carbon black, Z-Sep, Z-Sep + , and EMR-Lipid were compared in terms of extraction efficiency. The best results were obtained when MACF was used. Matrix-matched calibration was employed for quantification. All the OPPs exhibited good linearity ( r 2 > 0.9969) with the concentration at their respective concentration ranges. The limits of detection were 1.5–3.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification were 5.0–10.0 μg/kg. The trueness of the 20 pesticides at four spiked levels ranged from 86.1 to 111.1%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 11.3%. The modified QuEChERS method using MACF as the adsorbent was sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective and could be used for the determination of 20 OPP residues in ginseng.