摘要
Graphical Three steps forward : A facile three-step strategy containing co-precipitation-reduction-phosphorylation is proposed to synthesize nano-Sn 2 S 3 particles embedded in the nitrogenous carbon matrix (Sn 2 S 3 /CN) for sodium-ion battery (SIB) anode materials. The as-synthesized Sn 2 S 3 /CN exhibits some of the best electrochemical performances among recently reported SnS and SnS 2 -based SIB anode materials, such as higher reversible capacity or better cyclability. Metallic tin (Sn) compounds are viewed as promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIB) anode materials yet suffer from large volume expansion and limited electrode kinetics. Manufacturing rational structure is a crucial factor to achieve high-efficiency sodium storage for SIBs. In this study, nano Sn 2 S 3 embedded in nitrogenous-carbon compounds (nano-Sn 2 S 3 /C) was designed for SIB anode materials via a facile three-step strategy: precipitation, heat treatment and vulcanization with no templating agent. Density functional theory calculations suggested that Sn 2 S 3 displayed a low Na + diffusion energy barrier and the Sn−S bonds could be rebuilt during the sodiation/de-sodiation process. Notably, electrochemical measurements coupled with ex-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ transmission electron microscopy were proposed to reveal the underlying Na + storage mechanisms. Sn 2 S 3 acted as a high-capacity composition, while the porous nitrogenous-carbon matrix served as a rigid-conductive frame to accommodate the volume expansion and prevented the aggregation of nano Sn 2 S 3 . The rationally generated architectures benefited greatly in rate capacity and structural stability. As expected, the as-prepared nano Sn 2 S 3 /C exhibited remarkable rate capabilities with a specific capacity of 603 and 160 mAh g −1 under typical conditions at 0.2 and 4 A g −1 , respectively. This work may trigger new enthusiasm for engineering high-performance SIB anode materials.
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