Olefin epoxidation with ionic liquid catalysts formed by supramolecular interactions

This work demonstrated that the specific ionic liquids (ILs) have been designed via the supramolecular complexation between 18-crown-6 (CE) and ammonium peroxoniobate (NH 4 -Nb). The resultant ILs have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Raman, NMR, DSC, conductivity measurement and MALDI-TOF, etc. The IL (CE-1) consisting of CE and ammonium peroxoniobate can be further coordinated with GLY to generate a new IL (CE-2), which showed both high catalytic activity in epoxidation with H 2 O 2 and good recyclability. The characterization of 93 Nb NMR spectra revealed that the peroxoniobate anions has demonstrated a structural evolution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, in which Nb O species can be easily oxidized into the catalytically active niobium−peroxo species. Especially, the supramolecular complexation can provide suitable hydrophobicity, which ensured that the hydrophobic olefins and allylic alcohols were easily accessible to the catalytically active anions, and thus facilitated the epoxidation reaction. Notably, the supramolecular IL catalysts in this work exhibited a huge advantage of the easy availability, as compared with the previously reported peroxoniobate-based ILs. As far as we know, this is the first example of the highly selective epoxidation of olefins and allylic alcohols by using supramolecular ILs as catalysts.