Urea-complexed tin oxide as an electron transporting layer for stable and efficient planar perovskite solar cells

SnO 2 has attracted extensive attention in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its outstanding photoelectric properties and low temperature preparation. However, pinholes are easy to appear in the annealing process of SnO 2 films, which limits its application in planar PSCs. Here lists a simple and low-cost method: Urea-complexed tin oxide in deionized water can effectively control the concentration of SnO 2 . This process is conducive to forming a compact surface morphology . Meanwhile, the work explored the effect of the properties of PSCs with different thicknesses of SnO 2 layers. The system analysis showed that PSCs based on 60 nm SnO 2 layer and the methamphetamine lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) light absorber yielded the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 18%, a fill factor ( FF ) of 0.793, and good stability. Therefore, we believe our study provides an effective way for preparing electron transport layers.