Enhanced VRLA deep cycling performance via lattice modification using Bi doping

In this article, calcination at high temperature is used to dope bismuth into the lead lattice, forming a composite metal oxide. The impact of bismuth doping on the conductivity of the cathode material PbO 2 and the structural framework during charge-discharge cycles is investigated. SEM and XRD are used to understand the structure and morphology of the lead-bismuth composite oxide, while cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to determine its resistance and electrochemical properties. Battery cycling tests are performed to evaluate the impact of bismuth doping on the performance of the lead-acid cathode material, and it was found that discharge capacity at 2 C increased by 15% while retaining 90% of its initial capacity after 250 cycles.