Magnetic effervescence tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction of triazine herbicides in water samples

A method for the determination of triazine herbicides in water samples was established by magnetic effervescence tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction procedure (META-SHS-LPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The magnetic effervescence tablet, composed of citric acid , sodium hexanoate, sodium bicarbonate, and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles , combined extractant generation, dispersion, and magnetic recovery into one step. Citric acid could react with sodium hexanoate and sodium bicarbonate to generate hexanoic acid and carbon dioxide in situ , respectively. Carbon dioxide bubbles assisted the eco-friendly extractant hexanoic acid to fully contact with target compounds. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles containing extractant and triazine herbicides were isolated from the sample solution using an external magnet. Good linearity was achieved in the range of 50–5000 ng mL −1 with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.997. The limit of detection was within 0.10–0.13 ng mL −1 . The extraction recovery of triazine herbicides were 81.4–96.7% in well, pond, and river waters. Overall, the proposed method was a simple, efficient, and eco-friendly analytical approach for determining triazine herbicide residues in water samples.