TiO2 nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes monitoring and bioremediation potential using ciliates Pseudocohnilembus persalinus

In recent years, the release of nanomaterials pollutants to water bodies, to a great extent, attributed to anthropogenic activities. Their impacts on aquatic organisms as well as nanomaterial monitoring and bioremediation using organism have drawn much attentions. However, studies on relationship of nano-contaminants and aquatic organisms are very scarce. Our results showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) and Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) caused an obvious cell decreases on the whole, but a significant increase at 48 h TiO 2 -NPs exposure, indicating a resistant mechanism in ciliates for nano-toxic. Besides, MWCNTs was more toxic to Pseudocohnilembus persalinus than that of TiO 2 -NPs in terms of EC 50 value. It is firstly found that P. persalinus ingested and released TiO 2 -NPs through cytostome and cytoproct, which might be the reason that TiO 2 -NPs less toxic than MWCNTs. The significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities and expression levels were evaluated by reactive oxygen species ROS generation, which demonstrated that P. persalinus antioxidant defense enzyme played roles on nano-toxic resistant in ciliates. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) was also determined, which demonstrated that MWCNTs had comparatively higher values than those of TiO 2 -NPs after higher concentration exposure to ciliates. In addition, it was confirmed by the present work that sod , gst and cat played different roles on immunity, and the sensitivity of cat gene expression to these two nanomaterials exposure was dissimilar. Damages of shrunk as well as losses of cilia on the cell surface caused by TiO 2 -NPs and MWCNTs exposure in P. persalinus using SEM revealed possible physical hazards of aggregated nanomaterials. Our findings will be helpful to understand the effect mechanisms of NPs on ciliates, and also demonstrated the possibility of P. persalinus as bio-indicator of nanomaterials in aquatic and potentials on bioremediation.