Predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) and assessment of risk for the fungicide, triadimefon based on reproductive fitness of aquatic organisms

Triadimefon, a broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide used to protect agricultural crops is popular in China. However, sub-lethal effects of triadimefon on aquatic organisms remained poorly understood, and its risks to aquatic organisms were unclear. In the current study, thresholds for chronic toxicity to five aquatic organisms were determined and a PNEC based on reproductive fitness of nine aquatic organisms was derived through use of a species sensitivity distribution (SSD). NOECs, based on reproduction or inhabitation of growth, for Oryzias latipes , Daphnia magna , Brachionus calyciflorus , Heterocypris incongruens and Soirodela polyrhiza were 5, 25, 80, 320 and 500 μg L −1 , respectively, and the final PNEC derived was 3.66 μg L −1 . A screening-level hazard assessment of surface water based on both measured environment concentrations (ND∼5.22 μg L −1 ) in 3 lakes, 2 reservoirs and 1 river and predicted environment concentrations (0.36–65 μg L −1 ) in a simulated river and pond, identified unacceptable hazard to aquatic organisms posed by triadimefon, with maximum hazard quotients (HQs) of 1.43 and 17.8, respectively. Potential deleterious effects and hazards or risks of exposure of aquatic organisms from current patterns of use of triadimefon in surface water if of concern. Since HQs were relatively small and the benefits large, it is suggested that mitigations be applied to allow use while minimizing potential for adverse effects on aquatic organisms.