Reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticle composite-based solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of 9 mycotoxins in milk

A reliable solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticle (rGO/Au) composite as sorbent was proposed for purification and enrichment of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) in milk. Main parameters affecting the performance of SPE procedure were thoroughly investigated. The optimized conditions included 2% acetonitrile in water as the loading solution, 5% methanol in water as the washing solution, and methanol/acetonitrile/formic acid (50/49/1, v/v/v) as the elution solvent. Satisfactory linearity (R 2  ≥ 0.992), high sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.02–0.18 ng mL −1 ), adequate recovery (70.2–111.2%), and acceptable precision (RSD, 2.0–14.9%) were obtained when the optimal sample pretreatment protocol was combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. The applicability of the validated method was further verified in real milk samples.