Highly selective detection of p-nitrophenol using fluorescence assay based on boron, nitrogen co-doped carbon dots

p -Nitrophenol ( p -NP) contaminants seriously endanger environmental and living beings health, hence to establish a sensitive and selective method is of great importance for the determination of p -NP. In this work, boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (B,N-CDs) were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method using 3-aminophenylboronic acid as the sole precursor. The product was characterized through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Without any functionalized modification, B,N-CDs can be directly applied as a ‘turn-off’ fluorescent probe for rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection of p -NP. The fluorescent sensor based on the B,N-CDs exhibited a broad linear response to the concentration of p -NP in the range of 0.5 − 60 μM and 60 − 200 μM, respectively, and provided a detection limit of 0.2 μM. It was found that only the absorption spectrum of p -NP has a wide overlap with the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of B,N-CDs compared to those of other representative analogues. The response mechanism was due to the inner filter effect and the formation of dynamic covalent B-O bonds between B,N-CDs and p -NP, which endowed the sensing platform with the rapid response and high selectivity to p -NP. Finally, the sensor showed the practicability of p -NP determination in environmental water samples.