Highly efficient conversion of glucose into methyl levulinate catalyzed by tin-exchanged montmorillonite

Tin-exchanged montmorillonite catalysts were prepared by an ion exchange method and examined as solid acid catalysts . The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy , N 2 adsorption–desorption analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NH 3 temperature-programmed desorption analysis, and pyridine adsorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, the catalysts were examined for use in the conversion of glucose into methyl levulinate in methanol. A high yield of methyl levulinate of 59.7% was obtained upon conversion of 0.3 g glucose in 24 g methanol over 0.15 g catalyst at 220 °C under 2 MPa N 2 for 6 h. The recyclability of the catalyst was also examined, and the conversions of glucose and methanol remained mostly unchanged under repeated usage of the catalyst in five catalytic runs; in contrast, the yield of methyl levulinate decreased slightly. The excellent catalytic performance of the tin-exchanged montmorillonite catalyst was attributed to a combination of the presence of a large amount of acidic sites and balanced amounts of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites on the catalyst.