Soybean oil containing ginseng saponins as adjuvants promotes production of cytokines and enhances immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine

In the present study, the adjuvant effect of soybean oil containing ginseng root saponins (SO-GS-R) on the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (FMDV) in mice was investigated. When immunized with FMDV antigen emulsified in an SO-GS-R formulation, mice generated remarkably higher serum antibody and cytokine responses than mice immunized with FMDV antigen alone. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of SO-GS-R, we measured cytokines in serum and muscle tissue after intramuscular injection of SO-GS-R. The results showed that injection of SO-GS-R significantly increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β in both serum and muscle. These results suggested that SO-GS-R recruits neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells and macrophages, causing immune cell recruitment at the injection site, driving antigen-presenting cells to actively participate in the onset of immunity, and amplifying the immune responses. Considering its adjuvant activity and plant-derived properties, SO-GS-R should be further studied for its adjuvant effect on vaccines used in food animals.