Spatial-resolved dual-signal-output electrochemiluminescent ratiometric strategy for accurate and sensitive immunoassay

The identification of tumor markers is of great importance for clinical diagnosis but accurate detection with high sensitivity is still a great challenge. In present work, a spatial-resolved dual-signal-output electrochemiluminescent (ECL) ratiometric assay platform was constructed for sensitive detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) on a dual-disk glassy carbon electrode. To fabricate the platform, flower-like CdS three-dimensional (3D) assemblies and Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -conjugated silica nanoparticles (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ @RuSi NPs), were immobilized onto the two disks as cathodic and anodic ECL emitters, respectively. After the stepwise modification of the gold nanoparticles , antibody for PSA, and bovine serum albumin onto the two disks respectively, the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ @RuSi NPs-based disk were incubated with varied concentration of PSA as working electrode , whereas the flower-like CdS 3D assemblies-based disk with fixed concentration of PSA were taken as internal reference electrode . The label free assay of PSA was realized by the ratio of anodic ECL signal from working electrode to the cathodic ECL signal from the internal reference electrode (ECL anode /ECL cathode ). On the basis of the spatial-resolved dual-signal-output ratiometric ECL sensor, the PSA can be detected accurately with a linear range of 0.001 – 50   ng/mL at a concentration as low as 0.34   pg/mL. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied for PSA determination in human serum samples with satisfying results. Thanks to the same modified process of the two disks, this universal design well avoids environmental errors including the interference caused in the biological recognition process, which effectively reduces the false positive or negative errors, exhibiting a greatly improved accuracy, reliability and sensitivity.