Grafting iminodiacetic acid on silica nanoparticles for facilitated refolding of like-charged protein and its metal-chelate affinity purification

A series of highly charged nanoscale chelators were fabricated by grafting of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-iminodiacetic acid) (pGI) chains with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) chelating group on silica nanoparticles (SNPs) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The nanoscale chelators, denoted as SNPs-pGI, possessed a nickel ion chelating capacity as high as 2800   μmol/g, 50 times higher than the IDA-modified Sepharose FF (IDA-Sepharose) resin reported in literature and offered a high affinity binding capacity for hexahistidine-tagged enhanced green fluorescence protein (6   ×   His-EGFP) after nickel ion loading. More importantly, the anionic SNPs-pGI of high charge densities displayed much better performance than IDA-Sepharose in facilitating the refolding of like-charged 6   ×   His-EGFP from inclusion bodies (IBs). For example, for 0.2   mg/mL 6   ×   His-EGFP IB refolding, addition of 6.2   μL/mL SNPs-pGI with the highest charge density led to a refolding yield of 90%, over 43% higher than that obtained with 460   μL/mL IDA-Sepharose. It is notable that the much higher efficiency of the nanoscale chelator was obtained with a chelator consumption corresponding to only 1.4% of IDA-Sepharose. Moreover, the highly charged SNPs-pGI could efficiently facilitate the refolding of 6   ×   His-EGFP at higher IB concentrations (0.4 and 0.8   mg/mL). After refolding, nickel ions addition led to the recovery of the refolded 6   ×   His-EGFP with high yield (80%), purity (96%) and enrichment ratio (1.8). All the results suggest that the SNPs-pGI of high charge densities were promising for cost-effective recovery of His-tagged proteins expressed as IBs with the integrative like-charge facilitated refolding and metal-chelate affinity purification strategy.