Soybean oil-based thermosets with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone as crosslinking agent for hemp fiber composites

Soybean oil-based thermosets from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) with a highly reactive vinyl monomer, N -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), as crosslinking agent to replace styrene (St) were formulated for the fabrication of hemp fiber composites. The theoretical miscibility of NVP–AESO and St–AESO systems were discussed based on the group contribution method. The AESO resin with 30   wt% NVP exhibited a slightly higher viscosity than the counterpart with St, while the maximum curing temperature of the former was considerably lower than that of the latter. The composites from 20   wt% NVP resin gained comparable mechanical properties and higher glass transition temperature ( T g ) to the composites with 30   wt% St. Further increase in NVP usage to 40   wt% resulted in the composites with higher tensile strength , tensile modulus , flexural strength , flexural modulus, storage modulus, and T g of 29.6%, 22.4%, 22.5%, 20.6%, 21.6%, and 47.2%, respectively, when compared to those of the St-based composites.