Highly sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for lead ion based on synergetic catalysis of DNAzyme and Au–Pd porous bimetallic nanostructures

In this work, a sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor for lead ion (Pb 2+ ) detection was developed by coupling with synergetic catalysis of porous Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles and hemin/G-quadruplex-based DNAzyme. In the presence of target Pb 2+ , the substrate strand was cleaved and the enzyme strand was released. Subsequently, G-rich DNA-labeled Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticle was linked with the released enzyme strand through the helper DNA . Upon addition of hemin , a large number of hemin/G-quadruplex-based DNAzyme molecules were formed on the electrode to serve as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) oxidase and peroxidase mimics. DNAzyme could catalyzed the reduction of H 2 O 2 , generated from NADH in the presence of O 2 , to produce an electrochemical signal when using thionine as the electron mediator. Introduction of porors Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles could enhance the detectable signal and cause the increase in the sensitivity. Experimental results showed that the variations (∆ I ) in the cathodic peak currents of the biosensor were linearly dependent on target Pb 2+ concentrations from 1.0   pM to 100   nM with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.34   pM. The excellent performance of the sensing platform indicated its promising prospect as a valuable tool for simple and cost-effective Pb 2+ detection in practical application.