Two novel phosphorus–nitrogen-containing halogen-free flame retardants of high performance for epoxy resin

Two novel halogen-free flame retardants , DP-DDE and DP-DDS, were synthesized via a one-pot procedure based on the Pudovik reactions between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and imines directly resulting from the condensation reactions of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with two typical curing agents , 4,4′-oxydianiline (DDE) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), respectively. The fire-resistant properties of DP-DDE or DP-DDS modified epoxy resins (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane) with 4,4′-methylenedianiline as hardener were been investigated by UL-94 vertical test. Their high flame-retarding performance has been found: the epoxy thermosets with a relatively low addition amount of DP-DDE or DP-DDS (on the account of phosphorus content of 0.75 wt.% or 0.73 wt.%) can reach UL-94 V-0 flammability rating. These thermosets demonstrated excellent thermal stability, high glass transition temperature ( T g  > 135 °C) and high char yields (>22% at 800 °C). Moreover, the thermal degradation kinetics of the flame retardants and their corresponding epoxy thermosets were studied based on Kissinger, Ozawa and FWO methods by thermogravimetric analysis .