A facile and efficient strategy to enhance hydrophilicity of zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine type monoliths

In order to prepare zwitterionic HILIC monolithic columns with high polarity, the highly hydrophilic monomer N , N -dimethyl- N -acryloyloxyethyl- N -(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine (SPDA) and crosslinker N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) were employed for developing a novel sulfoalkylbetaine type stationary phase. The polymerization parameters were systematically optimized in order to obtain a satisfactory performance for column permeability, mechanical stability, hydrophilicity, efficiency and selectivity. Compared to the previously reported poly( N , N -dimethyl- N -methacryloxyethyl- N -(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine- co -ethylene dimethacrylate) (poly(SPE- co -EDMA)) monolith and the poly(SPDA- co -EDMA) monolith that we developed, a significantly enhanced hydrophilicity was obtained on the poly(SPDA- co -MBA) monolithic column, illustrated by the lowered critical composition of the mobile phase corresponding to the transition from the HILIC to the RP mode. Excellent permeability, reproducibility and stability were achieved on this optimized poly(SPDA- co -MBA) monolith. A column efficiency of 70,000   plates/m was obtained for the analysis of bases at a linear velocity of 1.95   mm/s. As expected, by studying the influence of mobile phase pH and salt concentration on their retention, a weak electrostatic repulsion interaction for negatively charged analytes was also observed at low organic solvent content on the poly(SPDA- co -MBA) monolithic column. The final optimized poly(SPDA- co -MBA) monolith exhibited good selectivity for a series of polar compounds, such as phenols, bases, benzoic acid derivatives, small peptides, urea and allantoin.