Crosslinked sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) membranes bearing quinoxaline and acid–base complex cross-linkages for fuel cell applications

A series of crosslinkable sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone)s (SPAEKs) were synthesized by copolymerization of 4,4′-biphenol with 2,6-difluorobenzil and 5,5′-carbonyl-bis(2-fluorobenzene-sulfonate). A facile crosslinking method was successfully developed, based on the cyclocondensation reaction of benzil moieties in polymer chain with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine to form quinoxaline groups acting as covalent and acid–base ionic crosslinking. The uncrosslinked and crosslinked SPAEK membranes showed high mechanical properties and the isotropic membrane swelling, while the later became insoluble in tested polar aprotic solvents. The crosslinking significantly improved the membrane performance, i.e., the crosslinked membranes had the lower membrane dimensional change, lower methanol permeability and higher oxidative stability than the corresponding precursor membranes, with keeping the reasonably high proton conductivity. The crosslinked membrane ( C-B4 ) with an ion exchange capacity of 2.02   mequiv.   g −1 showed a reasonably high proton conductivity of 111   mS   cm −1 with a low water uptake of 42   wt% at 80   °C. C-B4 exhibited a low methanol permeability of 0.55   ×   10 −6   cm 2   s −1 for 32   wt% methanol solution at 25   °C. The crosslinked SPAEK membranes have potential for PEFC and DMFC applications.