A natural small molecule alleviates liver fibrosis by targeting apolipoprotein L2

Liver fibrosis is an urgent clinical problem without effective therapies. Here we conducted a high-content screening on a natural Euphorbiaceae diterpenoid library to identify a potent anti-liver fibrosis lead, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate (DP). Leveraging a photo-affinity labeling approach, apolipoprotein L2 (APOL2), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-rich protein, was identified as the direct target of DP. Mechanistically, APOL2 is induced in activated hepatic stellate cells upon transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulation, which then binds to sarcoplasmic/ER calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) to trigger ER stress and elevate its downstream protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)–hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) axis, ultimately promoting liver fibrosis. As a result, targeting APOL2 by DP or ablation of APOL2 significantly impairs APOL2–SERCA2–PERK–HES1 signaling and mitigates fibrosis progression. Our findings not only define APOL2 as a novel therapeutic target for liver fibrosis but also highlight DP as a promising lead for treatment of this symptom.