Alkyl chain length-regulated in situ intelligent nano-assemblies with AIE-active photosensitizers for photodynamic cancer therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) brings new hope for the treatment of breast cancer due to few side effects and highly effective cell killing; however, the low bioavailability of traditional photosensitizers and their dependence on oxygen severely limits their application. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers (PSs) can dramatically facilitate the photosensitization effect, which can have positive impacts on tumor PDT. To-date, most AIE photosensitizers lack tumor targeting capability and possess poor cell delivery, resulting in their use in large quantities that are harmful to healthy tissues. In this study, a series of AIE photosensitizers based on pyridinium-substituted triphenylamine salts (abbreviated to TTPAs 1 - 6 ) with different alkyl chain lengths are synthesized. Results reveal that TTPAs 1 - 6 promote the generation of type I and type II reactive oxygen species (ROS), including ·OH and 1 O 2 . In particular, the membrane permeability and targeting of TTPAs 4 - 6 bearing C8-C10 side-chains are higher than TTPAs 1 - 3 bearing shorter alkyl chains. Additionally, they can assemble with albumin, thereby forming nanoparticles (TTPA 4 - 6 NPs) in situ in blood, which significantly facilitates mitochondrial-targeting and strong ROS generation ability. Moreover, the TTPA 4-6 nanoparticles are pH-responsive, allowing for increased accumulation or endocytosis of the tumor and enhancing the imaging or therapeutic effect. Therefore, the in vivo distributions of TTPA 4 - 6 nanoparticles are visually enriched in tumor sites and exhibited excellent photodynamic cancer therapy efficacy. This work demonstrates a novel strategy for AIE PDT and has the potential to play an essential role in clinical applications using nano-delivery systems.