All-in-one high performance electrochromic device from new photocurable methacrylated viologen and polyaniline/UiO-66/NiO/ZnO composite

A new all-in-one electrochromic device was demonstrated by employing photocurable methacrylated viologen and polyaniline/UiO-66/NiO/ZnO composite (PUNZ). Methacrylated viologen was dissolved in a photocurable deep eutectic solvent to make electrochromic eutectogel. PUNZ film was electrophoresed on ITO glass and was used as an electrode. UiO-66 can play as an electron donor combined with viologen moieties as electron acceptors to form an electron acceptor-donor complex. ZnO nanoflowers provide fast electron transfer leading to fast switching of the ECD. PANI and NiO can play as ion storage materials, which reduces ion trapping. The ECD with the use of PUNZ film can enhance coloration efficiency, lowering internal resistance, and increase ion conductivity. PUNZ120@ITO-based ECD exhibited a bleaching time 213 times faster than that of the device without using PUNZ film. The optical modulation of PUNZ120@ITO-based ECD maintains up to 95 % after 50 cycles, whereas that of the device without PUNZ film is 46 %.