Biodegradable and Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Improved by β-Lactoglobulin Fibrils-Assisted Flexible PVA Porous Film

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are highly promising as implantable, degradable energy sources and self-powered sensors. However, the degradable triboelectric materials are often limited in terms of contact electrification and mechanical properties. Here, a bio-macromolecule-assisted toughening strategy for PVA aerogel-based triboelectric materials is proposed. By introducing β-lactoglobulin fibrils (BF) into the PVA aerogel network, the material's mechanical properties while preserving its swelling resistance is significantly enhanced. Compared to pure PVA porous film, the BF-PVA porous film exhibits an eightfold increase in fracture strength (from 1.92 to 15.48 J) and a fourfold increase in flexibility (from 10.956 to 39.36 MPa). Additionally, the electrical output of BF-PVA in triboelectric performance tests increased nearly fivefold (from 45 to 203 V). Leveraging these enhanced properties, a biodegradable TENG (bi-TENG) for implantable muscle activity sensing is developed, achieving real-time monitoring of neuromuscular processes. This innovation holds significant potential for advancing implantable medical devices and promoting new applications in bio-integrated electronics.