Chemical Composition of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle Ex Wight and Its Potential Role in Ameliorating Colitis

Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, commonly known as “Baishouwu,” has been traditionally used in China for its medicinal and dietary benefits. Despite its long history of use, the potential therapeutic effects of C. auriculatum in the treatment of colitis have not been fully investigated. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the water extract of C. auriculatum root on colitis and elucidate its potential mechanisms of action. The water extract of C. auriculatum root (CW) was prepared and characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, identifying thirty-two distinct compounds, including saponins, organic acids, fatty acid derivatives, and alkaloids. The therapeutic efficacy of CW was assessed in a colitis mouse model. CW significantly alleviated colitis symptoms, evidenced by increased colon length, reduced disease activity indices, and decreased colon tissue damage. CW reduced colonic inflammatory cytokine production and enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins, including claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1, thereby strengthening intestinal barrier integrity. Additionally, CW modulated the gut microbiota by increasing microbial diversity, promoting beneficial Lactobacillus growth, reducing pathogenic Pseudomonas levels, and enhancing short-chain fatty acid production. The results suggest that CW exhibits significant therapeutic potential in the management of colitis by attenuating inflammation, restoring gut barrier function, and modulating the gut microbiota. These findings provide a basis for further exploration of C. auriculatum as a functional food for prevention and treatment of colitis.