Corn Stover-derived nanocellulose and lignin-modified particles: Pickering emulsion stabilizers and potential quercetin sustained-release carriers

Pickering emulsions (PEs) have wide applications in delivering nutraceuticals. However, the impact of extracting nanocellulose from corn stover on stabilizing PEs and delivering nutraceuticals remains unclear. In this study, four types of nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC), and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNF) were successfully prepared from corn stover, an agricultural waste. Among them, LCNC and LCNF exhibited stable reticulated microstructures, lower crystallinity, and excellent thermal stability. Besides, lignin enhanced the nanoparticles' hydrophobicity, promoting the formation of more ideally amphiphilic particles, resulting in denser emulsions at the oil-water interface. Furthermore, emulsions stabilized by LCNC and LCNF demonstrated remarkable resistance to quercetin degradation under UV light exposure (with residual level exceeding 90 %) and improved quercetin's bioaccessibility during the in vitro digestion tests, achieving the highest bioaccessibility of 48.3 %. This study provided an innovative perspective on utilizing stover-derived materials for stabilizing PEs and delivering lipophilic nutrients.