Development of a C3N4-based electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of circulating tumor cells in blood

This study presents a cancer diagnostics method through the development of a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 )-based electrochemical sensor for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood. Utilizing the unique properties of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets combined with gold nanoparticles functionalized with DNA aptamers, the sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity and selectivity in CTC detection. The aptamers specifically target cell surface biomarkers, enabling the precise capture and quantification of CTCs. The sensor's detection limit is an impressive 5 cells/mL, with a broad detection range from 10 to 10 5 cells/mL. This high-performance sensing platform not only achieves rapid and accurate quantification of CTCs but also demonstrates robustness against interference from other cell types, making it highly suitable for clinical applications. The optimized conditions for aptamer-functionalized nanoparticle concentration and incubation time ensure the sensor's efficacy, as validated in spiked blood samples. This work provides a practical and efficient approach for non-invasive cancer diagnostics, offering significant improvements over existing methods in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity for early detection and monitoring of cancer progression.