Dietary chromium chemical species mitigate inflammation and cholestasis in primary sclerosing cholangitis via regulating bile acid metabolism

Both chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) and chromium trichloride (CrCl 3 ) were used as dietary supplements in agricultural products and foodstuffs. We found either these two forms of Cr(III) could ameliorate inflammation and cholestasis in DDC-induced primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) mice via regulating bile acid metabolism. Although two Cr(III) are able to alleviate hepatic inflammation by reducing the aggregation of macrophage, Cr-pic exhibiting superior efficacy in decreasing M1 macrophages. Two Cr(III) show inconsistent in regulating intestinal Fxr , but Cr-pic could active intestinal Fxr , promoting intestinal barrier repair. Additionally, both Cr-pic and CrCl 3 enhanced functional abundance of BSH enzymes involved in bile acid transformation, with Cr-pic seems to perturb the abundance of genus more than CrCl 3. In conclusion, this study highlights the efficacy of Cr-pic and CrCl 3 in mitigating inflammation and cholestasis in PSC, Cr-pic is expected superior than CrCl 3 to be supplement ingredient used in PSC treatment via regulating bile acid metabolism.