摘要
Graphical A Ru-based catalyst Ru/DGC was synthesized from distiller′s grains for the hydrogenation of phenol into cyclohexanol. The adsorption processes of Ru 3+ and phenol on the catalyst were enhanced by the chemisorption, thereby improving the Ru distribution and the catalytic activity. The high activity, exceptional stability, and the mild hydrogenation conditions make Ru/DGC adequate for industrial applications. Selective hydrogenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds is an essential process for developing the sustainable chemical industry and reducing dependence on nonrenewable resources. Herein, a composite C−SiO 2 material (DGC) was prepared via the stepwise pyrolysis and steam activation of the distiller′s grains, a fermentation solid waste from the Chinese liquor industry. After Ru loading, Ru/DGC was used for the catalytic hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanol. Steam activation remarkably increased the hydrophilicity and specific surface area of DGC, introducing oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of DGC, thereby promoting the adsorption of Ru 3+ and phenol. Additionally, the large specific surface area facilitated the dispersion of the active metal. Furthermore, the steam activation of DGC promoted the graphitization of the carbon matrix and formed Si−H/Si−OH bonds on the SiO 2 surface. The benzene ring of phenol interacted with the carbon matrix via π–π stacking, and the hydroxyl group of phenol interacted with SiO 2 via hydrogen bonding. The synergistic interactions of phenol at the C−SiO 2 interface enhanced phenol adsorption to promote the hydrogenation. Consequently, 100 % of phenol was hydrogenated to cyclohexanol at 60 °C within 30 min. Furthermore, the optimized catalyst exhibited high activity for phenol hydrogenation even after four reuse cycles. The outstanding stability of the catalyst and its requirement for mild reaction conditions favor its large-scale industrial applications.
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