Efficient microwave induction to modify surface for high-rate lithium/fluorinated carbon battery with ultra-high power density

The practical application of high-rate lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CF x ) primary batteries faces challenge of relatively slow electrode reaction kinetics limited by inert C-F bond and strong polarity. Herein, an effective microwave-induction strategy was developed to regulate C-F bond for 80C high-rate Li/CF x battery with suppressed polarization. The as-mentioned microwave method was carried out in the alcohol-based solvent for uniformly modify CF x , including precise defluorination, C-F bond regulation, surface functional groups and carbon quantum dots. Precise defluorination contains the conversion of C-F bond to semi-ionic C-F bond while preserving C-F 2 and C-F 3 . During the process of C-F bond regulation, hydroxyl groups is grafted onto the surface of CF x to increase the wettability and electronegativity of the electrode. Compared with raw CF x , the Li/CF x batteries using microwave-modified CF x achieved high discharge rate of 80C possessing a high power density of 134.091 kW/kg. In addition, the optimal Li/CF x battery possesses a large specific capacity increase ratio of 142.6 % at 50C. This microwave-induction approach for modifying CF x in ethanol-based solvent provides a facile and effective pathway to design high-rate Li/CF x battery.