Erythrocyte membrane coated with nitrogen-doped quantum dots and polydopamine composite nano-system combined with photothermal treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction and metal ion imbalance are recognized as pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), leading to deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) thereby and inducing neurotoxicity, activating apoptosis, eliciting oxidative stress, and ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. In this study, the red blood cell membrane (RBC) was used as a vehicle for encapsulating carbon quantum dots (CQD) and polydopamine (PDA), creating a nanocomposite (PDA-CQD/RBC). This nanocomposite was combined with near-infrared light (NIR) for AD treatment. The RBC offers anti-immunorecognition properties to evade immune clearance, PDA exhibits enzyme-mimicking activity to mitigate oxidative stress damage, and CQD acts as a chelating agent for metal ions (Cu 2+ ), effectively preventing Cu 2+ -mediated aggregation of Aβ. Furthermore, the local heating induced by near-infrared laser irradiation can dismantle the formed Aβ fibers and enhance the blood–brain barrier's permeability. Both in vitro and animal experiments have shown that PDA-CQD/RBC, in combination with NIR, mitigates neuroinflammation, and ameliorates behavioral deficits in mice. This approach targets multiple pathological pathways, surpassing the limitations of single-target treatments and enhancing therapeutic efficacy while decelerating disease progression.