Fabrication of the NH2-MIL-125(Ti)@TpPa-NO2 hybrid material and its efficient adsorption and removal of rhodamine B in wastewater

In this work, the hybrid material NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)@TpPa-NO 2 was synthesized by grafting an amino-functionalized titanium-based metal–organic framework (NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)) with 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine-nitro (TpPa-NO 2 ) moieties. The resulting composite material exhibited remarkable removal efficiency owing to the synergistic effects derived from the combination of the NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) and TpPa-NO 2 components. The material demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of wastewater containing rhodamine-B (Rhd-B). Some characterization techniques were employed to elucidate the structural features and surface morphology of the hybrid material. The adsorption capacity of NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)@TpPa-NO 2 for Rhd-B dye was evaluated, and the results revealed an exceptional removal efficiency of 99.96 % and a high adsorption capacity of 25.54 mg/g, highlighting the superior adsorption performance of the material. The adsorption process was found to follow Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating that chemisorption is the predominant mechanism governing the uptake of Rhd-B dye onto NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)@TpPa-NO 2 .