Formation and survival of clay-mediated protocell membranes composed of single-chain amphiphiles in aqueous solutions

Protocell compartments composed of simple amphiphilic molecules could have survived on the clay mineral surfaces which can serve well as plausible sites for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth. Herein we chose four common single-chain amphiphiles (SCAs), including the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and the zwitterionic lauryl sulfobetaine (LSB)), as model constituents of early membranes to establish a tentative model for protocell compartment. Positively charged Mg 2 Al-/Mg 2 Fe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and FeS 2 are viewed as models of clay minerals. We demonstrate by comprehensively experimental study that unconventional vesicles can be easily promoted in a SCA aqueous micellar solution in the presence of model particles. Morphology evolutions are traced by collecting samples from mixtures of LDHs and SCA aqueous solutions and then recording at different incubation times via negative-staining or cryo-transmission electron microscopy (NS-TEM or cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the stability of SCA bilayer membranes under possible prebiotic environment are tentatively studied. This work not only offers a robust yet versatile approach for the fabrication of novel vesicles but also provides new insights into the origin of cellular life.