Growth mechanism of three-dimensional porous tin foam based on the coupled effects of reduction reaction competition and interface regulation

This paper systematically conducted a study on the microstructural evolution of tin foam prepared by the hydrogen bubble dynamic template (HBDT) under key deposition parameters, and established a growth model for three-dimensional (3D) porous tin foam based on the coupled effects of competitive reduction reactions and interface regulation. By exploring the competitive relationship between hydrogen evolution and metal deposition, a novel mechanism was proposed for the hydrogen bubble template, revealing the dual role of hydrogen bubbles in metal deposition under the coupling of tin ion concentration and deposition potential. It was also elucidated that the competitive equilibrium between hydrogen evolution and tin ion reduction was crucial for sustaining the dynamic stability of the bubble template, ultimately inducing the formation of 3D porous structures. In addition, the correlation between pore structures (pore size and density) and bubble behavior was deeply discussed to gain a comprehensive perspective. Therefore, this study holds significant importance for guiding the research on customizing the 3D porous tin foam structures in controlled crystallization reactions.