Highly Sensitive Near-Field Electrochemical Sensor for In Vivo Monitoring of Respiratory Patterns

Real-time tracking of respiratory patterns provides noninvasive and quick access for evaluating pathophysiological conditions yet remains challenging due to limited temporal resolution and poor sensitivity to dig out fingerprints of respiratory waveforms. Here, we report an electrochemical sensor for accurately tracing respiratory patterns of small animal models based on the electrochemical impedance mechanism for wireless coupling of a graphdiyne oxide (GYDO)-modified sensing coil chip and a reader coil chip via near-field magnetic induction. In the electrochemical impedance measurement mode, an alternating current is applied through the reader coil chip to perturb proton transport at the GYDO interface of the sensing coil chip. As demonstrated, a high-frequency perturbing condition significantly reduces the interfacial resistance for proton transport by 5 orders of magnitude under 95% relative humidity (RH) and improves the low-humidity responses with a limit of detection down to 0.2% RH, enabling in vivo accurate profiling of respiratory patterns on epileptic rats. The electrochemical impedance coupling system holds great potential for new wireless bioelectronics.